Hazard Identification

Hazard identification is defined in the Codex Alimentarius Commission Procedural Manual, Fourteenth Edition (2004) as "The identification of biological, chemical, and physical agents capable of causing adverse health effects and which may be present in a particular food or group of foods."

• Dietary Supplements
• Biological Hazards
• General Biological Hazards
• Bacteria
• Listeria
• Salmonella
• Other Bacteria
• Other Biological Hazards
• Chemical Hazards
• General Chemical Hazards
• Pesticide Residues
• Contaminants
• Other Chemical Hazards
• Physical Hazards
• Food Allergy
• Food Defense

Dietary Supplements

Biological Hazards

General Biological Hazards

Bacteria

Listeria

Salmonella

Other Bacteria

Format	Author(s)	Title / Description	Date added	Details
	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Anthrax Information and fact sheets on anthrax, including information on diagnosis, infection control, laboratory testing, surveillance, and more. (more)	Apr 19, 2005
	Huss, H.H.; Ababouch, L.; Gram, L.	Assessment and Management of Seafood Safety and Quality Report on risk assessment and management issues associated with seafood. Includes discussion of world seafood production and consumption, food safety systems, hazard identification and characterization, and risk management strategies such as HACCP, FSOs, microbiological criteria, traceability, and more. Appendices include "Assessment of Food Safety Programmes," "Hazard Analysis Worksheet," "HACCP Plan Form," and "Generic HACCP Plan for the Production and Processing of Oysters". (more) Publication Year: 2003	Nov 18, 2004
	Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Botulism This page provides an overview of botulism, including incidence, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, risk groups, surveillance, and more. (more)	Jul 17, 2002
	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Botulism Information and fact sheets on botulism, including information on infection control, laboratory testing, surveillance, and more. (more)	Apr 19, 2005
	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Brucellosis Information and fact sheets on brucellosis, including information on laboratory testing, surveillance, and more.	Apr 19, 2005
	Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Campylobacter Infections Overview of Campylobacter. Includes diagnosis, treatment, exposure pathways, prevention, incidence, risk groups, surveillance, and more. (more)	Jul 17, 2002
	Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Cholera Overview of cholera. Includes the risk for cholera in the U.S., prevention, treatment, incidence, exposure pathways, risk groups, surveillance, and more. (more)	Jul 17, 2002
	European Food Safety Authority	The Community Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Antimicrobial Resistance in the European Union in 2004 Report on zoonotic agents and zoonoses in the EU in 2004. Includes data on levels of agents in foods and foodborne outbreaks and on antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli. (more) Deadline: Monday, January 9, 2006 Publication Date: Wednesday, December 21, 2005	Jan 9, 2006
	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization	Enterobacter sakazakii and Other Microorganisms in Powdered Infant Formula Report of a meeting convened by the FAO & WHO on 2-5 Feb. 2004. Includes executive summary and three appendices: List of Background Papers, Data Received in Response to Call for Data, and notes on strategies used in the risk assessment. (more) Publication Year: 2004	Feb 1, 2005
	International Food Safety Authorities Network, World Health Organization	Enterobacter sakazakii in Powdered Infant Formula Note to alert authorities to emerging issue of infections related to E. sakazakii in powdered infant formula, and to summarize current efforts toward determining the magnitude and resolution of the problem. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, January 13, 2005	Jan 27, 2005

Other Biological Hazards

Format	Author(s)	Title / Description	Date added	Details
	National Toxicology Program, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services	Aflatoxins This report discusses carcinogenicity, properties, use, production, exposure, and regulations of aflatoxins. Publication Month: December 2002	Aug 14, 2002
	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization	Animal Feed Impact on Food Safety Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Animal Feed Impact on Food Safety which was held at FAO Headquarters in Rome from 8 to 12 October 2007. The meeting concluded that ensuring safe feed is an important component of efforts to reduce and prevent food safety hazards and indicated several potential measures to ensure safe feed. Agenda of the meeting, list of participants, experts' resumes and list of documents are included as appendices. The report is being translated in French and Spanish. Printed copies may be requested from: Daniela.Battaglia@fao.org. (more) Publication Year: 2008	Feb 26, 2008
	Huss, H.H.; Ababouch, L.; Gram, L.	Assessment and Management of Seafood Safety and Quality Report on risk assessment and management issues associated with seafood. Includes discussion of world seafood production and consumption, food safety systems, hazard identification and characterization, and risk management strategies such as HACCP, FSOs, microbiological criteria, traceability, and more. Appendices include "Assessment of Food Safety Programmes," "Hazard Analysis Worksheet," "HACCP Plan Form," and "Generic HACCP Plan for the Production and Processing of Oysters". (more) Publication Year: 2003	Nov 18, 2004
	Reid, M.	Background on Toxic Honey Information pamphlet regarding toxic honey and how to manage the risk from toxic honey. Publication Month: October 2003	Oct 18, 2004
	Institute of Food Science and Technology	Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) in Humans This information statement highlights available data and research on BSE and vCJD up to September 2004. Includes discussion of origin and spread, the infective agent, infectivity of bovine materials, health controls, BSE risk by country or region, vertical transmission, BASE, BSE and sheep, vCJD, detection methods, therapeutic agents, research needs, and more. (more) Publication Month: October 2004	Aug 9, 2002
	Canadian Food Inspection Agency	Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in North America This page links to information on BSE and Canadian safeguards and actions against BSE.	Oct 13, 2004
	European Food Safety Authority	The Community Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Antimicrobial Resistance in the European Union in 2004 Report on zoonotic agents and zoonoses in the EU in 2004. Includes data on levels of agents in foods and foodborne outbreaks and on antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli. (more) Deadline: Monday, January 9, 2006 Publication Date: Wednesday, December 21, 2005	Jan 9, 2006
	Institute of Food Science and Technology	Cryptosporidium This report provides an overview of Cryptosporidium parvum. It includes a description of cryptosporidiosis, exposure routes, outbreaks, the life cycle, the resistance of oocysts, growth and control measures in food and water, and detection. (more) Publication Month: September 2001	Aug 9, 2002
	Division of Parasitic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention	Cyclospora Infection or Cyclosporiasis Description of Cyclospora, how it is spread, who is at risk for infection, the symptoms of infection, and diagnosis, treatment, and prevention information for this illness. (more) Publication Month: March 2004	Jun 17, 2002
	Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture	Draft FSIS Microbiological Hazard Identification Guide for Meat and Poultry Components of Products Produced by Very Small Plants Guide on microbiological hazard identification for very small plant operators that was developed in consultation with the Meat and Poultry Subcommittee of the National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria for Foods. It includes descriptions of pathogens of concern, guidance tables on the hazards in various process categories for products, and more. (more) Publication Date: Thursday, August 26, 1999	Jun 18, 2004

Chemical Hazards

General Chemical Hazards

Pesticide Residues

Contaminants

Format	Author(s)	Title / Description	Date added	Details
	Adler, I.D.; Baumgartner, A.; Gonda, H.; Friedman, M.A.; Skerhut, M.	1-Aminobenzotriazole Inhibits Acrylamide-Induced Dominant Lethal Effects in Spermatids of Male Mice Report of a study to test whether acrylamide or glycidamide is responsible for clastogenicity in mouse spermatids. Access to the full text may require subscription or purchase. (more) Publication Month: March 2000	Jan 14, 2005
		2,4,6-Tribromophenol and Other Simple Brominated Phenols Concise International Chemical Assessment Document (CICAD) 66. Summary of potential human health and environmental effects from 2,4,6-tribromopheol and other simple brominated phenols. (more) Deadline: Thursday, December 15, 2005 Publication Year: 2005	Dec 15, 2005
	Emerging Issues Branch, Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Office of Public Health and Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture	2000 National Residue Program Data: The Red Book 2000 National Residue Program Domestic Residue Data of drug and pesticide residues and environmental contaminants in meat, poultry, and egg products. Earlier years' data also available. (more) Publication Year: 2000	Aug 31, 2001
	Office of Public Health and Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture	2002 FSIS National Residue Program: The Blue Book Description of the planning process, Domestic Monitoring Plan and Special Projects and Import Residue Plan for the 2002 FSIS National Residue Program (NRP). Appendices include "Tissues to be Collected for Analysis, 2002 FSIS National Residue Program," "U.S. Residue Limits for Veterinary Drugs and Unavoidable Contaminants in Meat, Poultry, and Egg Products," "U.S. Residue Limits for Pesticides in Meat, Poultry, and Egg Products," and "Analytical Methods, 2002 FSIS National Residue Program". (more) Publication Year: 2002	Jun 2, 2003
	Accredited Laboratory Program, Office of Public Health and Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture	Accredited Laboratory Program This program accredits nonfederal analytical chemistry laboratories to analyze meat and poultry food products for moisture, protein, fat, and salt (MPFS) content, and/or certain specific classes of chemical residues. The web page contains information about accreditation requirements, a listing of accredited laboratories, and more. (more)	Aug 8, 2002
	German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment	Acrylamid in Lebensmitteln - Erhöhtes Risiko für Diabetiker? [in German] This document discusses the metabolism of acrylamide and the significance of this to diabetics. Publication Date: Friday, July 25, 2003	Aug 10, 2004
	Murray, Lindsay	Acrylamide This document gives effects, diagnosis, and management, physico-chemical properties, uses/circumstances of poisoning, routes of entry, kinetics, toxicology, toxicological analyses and biomedical investigations, illustrative cases, and other information on acrylamide. (more)	Aug 6, 2002
	National Toxicology Program, Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services	Acrylamide Substance profile on acrylamide including information on carcinogenicity, properties, use, production, exposure, and regulations for acrylamide. (more) Publication Year: 2005	Aug 6, 2002
	Air Toxics Website, Technology Transfer Network, Environmental Protection Agency	Acrylamide This fact sheet presents a hazard summary and information on uses, exposure routes, health effects, cancer risk, and physical properties of acrylamide. (more)	Sep 10, 2002
	Integrated Risk Information System, Environmental Protection Agency	Acrylamide (CASRN 79-06-1) Information and data on acrylamide from EPA's IRIS database. Includes Chronic Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects, Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD), and Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure, which contains Evidence for Human Carcinogenicity, Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Oral Exposure, Dose-Response Data, and more. (more)	Aug 6, 2002

Other Chemical Hazards

Format	Author(s)	Title / Description	Date added	Details
	Office of Public Health and Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture	2000 FSIS National Residue Program: The Blue Book Description of the process used to plan the 2000 National Residue Program (NRP), and of the completed Domestic Monitoring Plan and Special Projects and Import Residue Plan for the 2000 NRP. Also includes tables on veterinary drug and pesticide residue tolerance and action levels for meat, poultry and eggs, and a list of FSIS Official Methods for these substances. The 2002 Blue Book is available at http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OPHS/blue2002/index.htm. (more) Publication Year: 2000	Aug 31, 2001
	Emerging Issues Branch, Chemistry and Toxicology Division, Office of Public Health and Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture	2000 National Residue Program Data: The Red Book 2000 National Residue Program Domestic Residue Data of drug and pesticide residues and environmental contaminants in meat, poultry, and egg products. Earlier years' data also available. (more) Publication Year: 2000	Aug 31, 2001
	Office of Public Health and Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture	2002 FSIS National Residue Program: The Blue Book Description of the planning process, Domestic Monitoring Plan and Special Projects and Import Residue Plan for the 2002 FSIS National Residue Program (NRP). Appendices include "Tissues to be Collected for Analysis, 2002 FSIS National Residue Program," "U.S. Residue Limits for Veterinary Drugs and Unavoidable Contaminants in Meat, Poultry, and Egg Products," "U.S. Residue Limits for Pesticides in Meat, Poultry, and Egg Products," and "Analytical Methods, 2002 FSIS National Residue Program". (more) Publication Year: 2002	Jun 2, 2003
	Accredited Laboratory Program, Office of Public Health and Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture	Accredited Laboratory Program This program accredits nonfederal analytical chemistry laboratories to analyze meat and poultry food products for moisture, protein, fat, and salt (MPFS) content, and/or certain specific classes of chemical residues. The web page contains information about accreditation requirements, a listing of accredited laboratories, and more. (more)	Aug 8, 2002
	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization	Animal Feed Impact on Food Safety Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Animal Feed Impact on Food Safety which was held at FAO Headquarters in Rome from 8 to 12 October 2007. The meeting concluded that ensuring safe feed is an important component of efforts to reduce and prevent food safety hazards and indicated several potential measures to ensure safe feed. Agenda of the meeting, list of participants, experts' resumes and list of documents are included as appendices. The report is being translated in French and Spanish. Printed copies may be requested from: Daniela.Battaglia@fao.org. (more) Publication Year: 2008	Feb 26, 2008
	Calorie Control Council	Aspartame Information Center Provides aspartame information and links to other sites with aspartame information.	Feb 10, 2005
	Huss, H.H.; Ababouch, L.; Gram, L.	Assessment and Management of Seafood Safety and Quality Report on risk assessment and management issues associated with seafood. Includes discussion of world seafood production and consumption, food safety systems, hazard identification and characterization, and risk management strategies such as HACCP, FSOs, microbiological criteria, traceability, and more. Appendices include "Assessment of Food Safety Programmes," "Hazard Analysis Worksheet," "HACCP Plan Form," and "Generic HACCP Plan for the Production and Processing of Oysters". (more) Publication Year: 2003	Nov 18, 2004
	Scientific Committee, European Food Safety Authority	Botanicals and Botanical Preparations Widely Used as Food Supplements and Related Products: Coherent and Comprehensive Risk Assessment and Consumer Information Approaches Discussion paper adopted on June 23, 2004 that addresses issues related to risk assessment and consumer information on botanicals in food supplements. Includes discussion of quality and safety issues, related EC legislation, and potential future activities related to these products. (more) Publication Date: Tuesday, September 21, 2004	Sep 22, 2004
	Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration	Color Additives Information on color additives, including background information and information about U.S. color laws and regulations, colors subject to certification, the petition process, enforcement and compliance, color additives for specific product categories, and links to FDA offices and centers that regulate products with color additives. (more)	Jun 17, 2002
	Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration	EAFUS: A Food Additive Database This database of substances is referred to as "Everything" Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS). For each substance, information is provided about the status of toxicology information available in the Priority-based Assessment of Food Additives (PAFA) database, the PAFA database number of the Food Additive Safety Profile volume containing information about the substance, the name of the substance as recognized by CFSAN, the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number or other code number of the substance, and the regulation numbers in Title 21 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations where the chemical appears. (more)	Jun 17, 2002

Physical Hazards

Format	Author(s)	Title / Description	Date added	Details
	Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization	Animal Feed Impact on Food Safety Report of a Joint FAO/WHO Expert Meeting on Animal Feed Impact on Food Safety which was held at FAO Headquarters in Rome from 8 to 12 October 2007. The meeting concluded that ensuring safe feed is an important component of efforts to reduce and prevent food safety hazards and indicated several potential measures to ensure safe feed. Agenda of the meeting, list of participants, experts' resumes and list of documents are included as appendices. The report is being translated in French and Spanish. Printed copies may be requested from: Daniela.Battaglia@fao.org. (more) Publication Year: 2008	Feb 26, 2008
	Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration	Fish and Fisheries Products Hazards and Controls Guidance: Third Edition This report discusses the FDA's thinking on the hazards associated with fish and fishery products and on controls for those hazards. It includes information on developing a HACCP Plan and discussion of such hazards as pathogens from the harvest area, parasites, natural toxins, chemical contaminants, aquaculture drugs, allergens, metal and glass inclusion, and more. (more) Publication Month: June 2001	Aug 7, 2002
	Eastern Research Group, Inc.	Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) for the 21st Century - Food Processing Report of a study on food safety problems and controls, consisting of a literature review and expert elicitation. Appendices include "Annotated Bibliography on Food Safety Problems and Recommended Preventive Controls," "Definitions of Food Safety Problems," "Examples of Preventive Controls and/or Corrective Actions for the Top Ten Food Safety Problems," "Exploratory Factor Analysis," and "Comparison of Food GMPs to Quality Systems and Other GMPs". (more) Publication Date: Monday, August 9, 2004	Aug 13, 2004
	Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture	Meat and Poultry Hazards and Controls Guide Guidance for FSIS personnel for use in verification of an establishment's food safety system. Includes information on process steps by process category, verification questions, and common hazards and controls. (more) Deadline: Tuesday, November 15, 2005 Publication Month: September 2005	Nov 15, 2005
	Dey, B.P., Ed.	Microbiology Laboratory Guidebook "The Guidebook contains current protocols for analytical tests required by FSIS regulatory activities on meat, poultry and egg products. Specifically, microbiological methods are presented for sample preparation, isolation and identification of the major foodborne pathogenic microorganisms and their toxins, meat tissue species identification, and the detection of extraneous materials and antimicrobial residues. Media and reagent formulations, and Most Probable Number Tables are contained in an appendix". (more) Publication Year: 1998	Aug 8, 2002
	Outbreak Coordination and Investigation Workgroup, National Food Safety System Project, Division of Federal-State Relations, Office of Regional Operations, Office of Regulatory Affairs, Food and Drug Administration	Multistate Foodborne Outbreak Investigations: Guidelines for Improving Coordination and Communication This document provides guidelines for local, state, and federal agencies to effectively respond to multistate foodborne outbreaks. It addresses surveillance, illness investigation, and product investigation techniques that are applicable to microbial, microbial toxin, toxic chemical, pesticides, and foreign object hazards. Appendices include a directory of federal emergency contacts, a directory of FSIS (USDA) District Offices, a directory of FDA District Offices, a Foodborne/Waterborne Outbreak Early Alert Fax/Email Template, a checklist for communicating findings, a description of the roles and responsibilities of federal agencies in foodborne outbreak investigations, and more. (more) Publication Month: February 2001	Aug 7, 2002

Food Allergy

Format	Author(s)	Title / Description	Date added	Details
	National Center for Food Safety and Technology, Illinois Institute of Technology	Biotechnology Information for Food Safety Database Information on identifying foodborne pathogens, a database of known allergen sequences, and links to other sources of food safety information. (more)	Aug 31, 2001
	Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration	Fish and Fisheries Products Hazards and Controls Guidance: Third Edition This report discusses the FDA's thinking on the hazards associated with fish and fishery products and on controls for those hazards. It includes information on developing a HACCP Plan and discussion of such hazards as pathogens from the harvest area, parasites, natural toxins, chemical contaminants, aquaculture drugs, allergens, metal and glass inclusion, and more. (more) Publication Month: June 2001	Aug 7, 2002
	Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies, European Food Safety Authority	Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies on a Request from the Commission Related to the Evaluation of Lupin for Labelling Purposes (Request No EFSA-Q-2005-086) Opinion adopted on December 6, 2005 that reviews evidence related to the allergenicity of lupin. Deadline: Friday, February 10, 2006 Publication Date: Thursday, January 12, 2006	Feb 10, 2006
	Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies, European Food Safety Authority	Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies related to a Notification from Brewers of Europe and BFBi on Isinglass Used as a Clarifying Agent in Brewing Opinion adopted on July 6, 2007 resulting from a risk assessment of isinglass used as a clarifying Agent in brewing. Publication Date: Thursday, August 23, 2007	Sep 5, 2007